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化工(gong)行(xing)業(ye)案例

成(cheng)(cheng)都(dou)(dou)市(shi)(shi)新都(dou)(dou)化(hua)工股份(fen)有限公(gong)司(si)成(cheng)(cheng)立(li)于(yu)1992年，總部位于(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)都(dou)(dou)市(shi)(shi)新都(dou)(dou)工業開發區，下設十八個分子(zi)公(gong)司(si)。本項目來源于(yu)旗下子(zi)公(gong)司(si)應城市(shi)(shi)新都(dou)(dou)化(hua)工有限責任公(gong)司(si)，主要(yao)是(shi)對7臺5300KW同步電機的(de)軟起(qi)。

1.現狀(zhuang)分析

同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)在(zai)(zai)異(yi)(yi)步(bu)(bu)(bu)起(qi)(qi)動時(shi)(shi)(shi)，分為兩個階(jie)段：異(yi)(yi)步(bu)(bu)(bu)起(qi)(qi)動和牽(qian)入同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)。異(yi)(yi)步(bu)(bu)(bu)起(qi)(qi)動過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)：同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)極上都裝(zhuang)有籠型繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)，用來產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)起(qi)(qi)動轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩。同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)異(yi)(yi)步(bu)(bu)(bu)起(qi)(qi)動過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)依靠(kao)這種(zhong)異(yi)(yi)步(bu)(bu)(bu)起(qi)(qi)動轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩將轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)加速(su)(su)(su)到(dao)(dao)準(zhun)同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)以(yi)上。在(zai)(zai)異(yi)(yi)步(bu)(bu)(bu)起(qi)(qi)動過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，勵(li)(li)(li)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)中(zhong)不(bu)(bu)能通(tong)(tong)(tong)人直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，避免直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)勢在(zai)(zai)定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)中(zhong)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)附加電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，增加定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)損(sun)耗(hao)和發(fa)熱(re)。在(zai)(zai)異(yi)(yi)步(bu)(bu)(bu)起(qi)(qi)動過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)也不(bu)(bu)能使勵(li)(li)(li)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)開(kai)路，避免高的(de)(de)感應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)損(sun)壞(huai)勵(li)(li)(li)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)絕緣。在(zai)(zai)異(yi)(yi)步(bu)(bu)(bu)起(qi)(qi)動的(de)(de)低(di)速(su)(su)(su)區(qu)間(jian)，勵(li)(li)(li)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)即不(bu)(bu)允許通(tong)(tong)(tong)入直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)又不(bu)(bu)允許開(kai)路，辦法是(shi)將勵(li)(li)(li)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)短(duan)路。勵(li)(li)(li)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)短(duan)接(jie)(jie)(jie)后相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)當(dang)于(yu)一(yi)個單相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)，它在(zai)(zai)定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)場(chang)作用下產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，從而產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)上的(de)(de)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)勢。如果單純的(de)(de)將轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)(jie)短(duan)接(jie)(jie)(jie)，起(qi)(qi)動過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)也會在(zai)(zai)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)中(zhong)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)較(jiao)大的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，應(ying)串接(jie)(jie)(jie)一(yi)定(ding)(ding)阻(zu)值(zhi)(通(tong)(tong)(tong)常(chang)(chang)為轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值(zhi)的(de)(de)5倍~10倍)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)后可靠(kao)閉合，以(yi)防止(zhi)起(qi)(qi)動失敗或損(sun)壞(huai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)絕緣。起(qi)(qi)動時(shi)(shi)(shi)只在(zai)(zai)定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)上加上三相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)對稱(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)以(yi)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)場(chang)。當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)達到(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)亞同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)(n=0.96no)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，異(yi)(yi)步(bu)(bu)(bu)起(qi)(qi)動過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)完成。牽(qian)入同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)：當(dang)同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)到(dao)(dao)亞同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，此(ci)時(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)將轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勵(li)(li)(li)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)打開(kai)，通(tong)(tong)(tong)入直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，開(kai)始(shi)牽(qian)入過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)。此(ci)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，由于(yu)勵(li)(li)(li)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)突(tu)然加入，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)運行狀態(tai)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)突(tu)變(bian)，通(tong)(tong)(tong)常(chang)(chang)稱(cheng)為機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)上的(de)(de)“飛車(che)”。狀態(tai)上的(de)(de)突(tu)變(bian)需要吸收大量(liang)能量(liang)來補充，所(suo)以(yi)，此(ci)時(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)會有一(yi)個瞬間(jian)的(de)(de)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)。供給轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)勵(li)(li)(li)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)的(de)(de)方法有兩種(zhong)，一(yi)種(zhong)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)降(jiang)壓(ya)加速(su)(su)(su)到(dao)(dao)準(zhun)同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)后，供給直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)勵(li)(li)(li)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)后，接(jie)(jie)(jie)入直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)勵(li)(li)(li)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)牽(qian)入同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)，牽(qian)入轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩較(jiao)大。

2.方案(an)的選(xuan)定及(ji)原理，使轉子牽(qian)入同(tong)步，然后投入全電(dian)壓，該方法(fa)牽(qian)入轉矩(ju)較小(xiao);另一種是在(zai)降壓加(jia)速到(dao)一定轉速時，投入全電(dian)壓加(jia)速到(dao)準(zhun)同(tong)步轉速

本項目采用的(de)是我公司GGQ系列固態(tai)軟起動器(qi)(qi)，它與原有(you)傳統的(de)軟起動產品相比具有(you)操(cao)作靈(ling)活(huo)、可控(kong)(kong)性好(hao)、運行可靠及電氣保護(hu)功能(neng)強大(da)等有(you)點。其一(yi)次主回路由(you)晶(jing)閘(zha)(zha)管正反并聯后(hou)再串聯組成(cheng)，晶(jing)閘(zha)(zha)管組件(jian)單元保護(hu)回路由(you)RC動態(tai)均壓(ya)、靜態(tai)均壓(ya)電阻(zu)、過(guo)電壓(ya)保護(hu)器(qi)(qi)等組成(cheng)，二(er)次控(kong)(kong)制回路由(you)DSP中控(kong)(kong)系統和(he)其它電氣部(bu)分組成(cheng)，工作電壓(ya)為220V電源。

原理圖(tu)如(ru)下：

高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)固態軟起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)整個(ge)工作過程是(shi)，當軟起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)把同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)從靜止(zhi)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)逐步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)提速(su)到亞同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)狀(zhuang)態，此(ci)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)下降到額定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)以(yi)下，軟起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)完成起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)后自動(dong)(dong)(dong)合上旁路(lu)接(jie)觸器進(jin)入運行工作狀(zhuang)態，將晶閘管(guan)(guan)控制(zhi)回路(lu)短接(jie)，同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)勵(li)磁柜(ju)投(tou)勵(li)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)進(jin)入同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)運行狀(zhuang)態，整個(ge)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)過程順(shun)利結束。此(ci)過程是(shi)采用(yong)的(de)(de)投(tou)全壓(ya)(ya)后接(jie)入直(zhi)流(liu)勵(li)磁牽入同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)，如果(guo)在同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)投(tou)勵(li)時(shi)軟起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)還(huan)在起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)，旁路(lu)接(jie)觸器沒有短接(jie)，其后果(guo)非常嚴重。軟起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)是(shi)串在電(dian)(dian)(dian)網和電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)之間的(de)(de)，而(er)同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)在投(tou)勵(li)的(de)(de)瞬時(shi)相當于一個(ge)相同(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等級的(de)(de)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)，會在同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)接(jie)線端產(chan)生一個(ge)很高(gao)的(de)(de)感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。這個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)相位一旦與電(dian)(dian)(dian)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)相位疊(die)加后再加上系統產(chan)生的(de)(de)諧波電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，軟起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)此(ci)時(shi)所承受的(de)(de)瞬時(shi)沖擊電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)是(shi)額定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)幾倍以(yi)上，過電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)它(ta)會導致晶閘管(guan)(guan)擊穿引發(fa)事故(gu)。

3.功能(neng)及使用情況

本項目中要(yao)求電(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)高壓晶閘(zha)管控(kong)制下的恒流起動方(fang)式平(ping)滑起動，起動電(dian)流倍(bei)數可在(zai)(zai)現(xian)場根(gen)據(ju)實際(ji)使用(yong)情況在(zai)(zai)1.5倍(bei)至(zhi)4倍(bei)間調整。電(dian)機(ji)起動時間可在(zai)(zai)現(xian)場根(gen)據(ju)實際(ji)使用(yong)情況在(zai)(zai)10～100秒(miao)內調整設定(ding);起動時間的調整能在(zai)(zai)軟起動控(kong)制柜面板上(shang)能方(fang)便的顯示和設置。

根(gen)據(ju)使用的(de)要求，軟(ruan)起(qi)動裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)設置(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)下的(de)保護功能：

A：相序保護

B：缺相保護

C：電(dian)流(liu)不平衡保護

D：電機運行過載保護

E：電機過欠壓保護

F：電(dian)機起動(dong)時間超時保護

G：電機起動(dong)過流保(bao)護

H：晶閘(zha)管過溫保護(hu)

I：晶閘管故障報警保護

J：欠載(zai)保護

K：接(jie)觸器故障保(bao)護

4.結束語

設備投入使用(yong)后(hou)，運行良好，完全達到(dao)了預(yu)期效果(guo)，提高了設備效率，并且因此大大減少(shao)了設備維護(hu)、維修(xiu)費用(yong)，直(zhi)接和間接經濟效益明顯。